Objective To explore the clinical effect of laparoscopic cholecystectomy on patients with gallstones,and analyze its influence on serum inflammatory factors, immune function and the degree of intestinal mucosal injury.Methods A prospective study was conducted on 80 patients with gallstones admitted to Mingxin Hospital in Wuhua County from December 2019 to February 2021. They were divided into a study group of 40 cases and a control group of 40 cases according to a random number table. The perioperative indicators, serum inflammatory factors and immune function, Chiu's score, GLQI scale score changes and the occurrence of adverse reactions were analyzed in the two groups after 3 months. Results The perioperative indexes of the study group were better than those of the control group (P＜0.05). After treatment, the study group's CRP (18.50±2.60) mg/L was lower than the control group (30.14±3.20) mg/L, and IL-6 (31.22±2.68) pg/L was lower than the control group (45.17±3.26) pg/L, TNF-α (119.43±35.42) μg/L is lower than the control group (158.36±38.75) μg/L; CD3 + (64.41±6.33) U/L is higher than the controlgroup (58.50±10.4) U/L, CD4+ (35.77)±3.90) U/L is higher than the control group (25.55±4.70) U/L, IgA (1.90±0.19) g/L is higher than the control group (1.66±0.22) g/L, IgG (11.01±1.42) g/L It was higher than the control group (10.12± 1.33) g/L (P＜0.05). The Chiu's classification of the study group was 19 cases of grade Ⅰ, 14 cases of grade Ⅱ, 5 cases of grade Ⅲ, and 2 cases of grade Ⅳ～Ⅴ. The Chiu's classification of control group was 8 cases of grade Ⅰ, 10 cases of grade Ⅱ, and grade Ⅲ. There were 17 cases, 5 cases from grade IV to V, the difference was statistically significant (P＜ 0.05). The GLQI scale score of the study group was (113.26±15.0) points, which was higher than the (98.40±21.9) points of the control group (P＜0.05). The total incidence of adverse events in the study group was 2.5% , which was lower than 20% in the control group (P＜0.05). Conclusion Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has a better clinical effect in the treatment of gallstones. It can effectively reduce the occurrence of inflammation, improve immune function and reduce intestinal mucosal damage, and improve the quality of life.