Objective?To analyze the relationship between chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment in patients with malignant tumor and the burden of family caregivers, and to provide reference for clinical intervention. Methods?From November 2021 to February 2022,120 malignant tumor chemotherapy patients and caregivers from The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University were investigated and statistically analyzed by general information questionnaire, cognitive function scale (FACT-Cog), mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and the caregiver burden scale for cancer patients (CBS-CP). Results?A total of 120 questionnaires were distributed in this study,114 valid questionnaires were recovered. The total FACT-Cog score of malignant tumor patients was (28.18±14.89), of which 28 (24.56%) had normal cognition,68 (59.65%) had mild cognitive impairment and 18 (15.79%) had moderate impairment. The total score of the CBS-CP was (26.96±16.16). With the aggravation of perceived cognitive impairment, the level of caregiver burden increased. The scores of all dimensions and total scores of caregiver burden in the moderate group were the highest (P ＜ 0.05). The total score of family caregivers burden of cancer patients were positively correlated with the patient’s cognition (r=0.598, P ＜0.05). Conclusion?Cognitive impairment is common in cancer patients after chemotherapy, mainly mild impairment. The care burden of family caregivers of cancer patients are at a mild level, and the dimension of psychological burden of family members are the heaviest. The total score of family caregivers burden of cancer patients are positively correlated with the patient’s cognition level.