Objective To explore the effectiveness of rehabilitation treatment for tibial plateau fractures and its impact on knee joint function, providing reference for clinical practice. Methods From February 2021 to February 2022, 100 patients with tibial plateau fractures admitted to Qingdao Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital were studied and divided into observation group and control group by random number table method, with 50 patients in each group. The observation group received rehabilitation treatment, while the control group received routine treatment. The recovery of knee joint muscle strength, hospital for special surgery (HSS), Lysholm knee joint score and modified Barthel index (MBI), rehabilitation motivation score, and pain visual analogue scale (VAS) score between two groups of patients were compared. Results The recovery of knee joint muscle strength in the observation group was better than that of the control group ( P <0.05). After treatment, the HSS, Lysholm knee joint score, and MBI of the two groups of patients were higher than before treatment, and the observation group was higher than the control group ( P <0.05). The rehabilitation motivation score of the observation group patients was higher than that of the control group ( P <0.05). The VAS scores of the two groups of patients at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after treatment were lower than before treatment, and the observation group was lower than that of the control group ( P <0.05). Conclusion Rehabilitation treatment for patients with tibial plateau fractures is more effective than routine treatment methods, and can significantly improve knee joint function, promote muscle strength recovery, and reduce pain levels.